Although Richard Britnell has described the Gascon expedition as a ‘minor’ campaign, it involved a kingdom-wide military mobilisation on both sides of the Channel, the withdrawal of French armies from Italy, England’s formal declaration of war on France, one of the most notable naval encounters of the period, and English soldiers fighting in Brittany and Gascony. 12 The 1512 campaign was also an important episode on the international political stage and it had an impact, to varying degrees, on a number of European states, including England, France, Spain, the Papal States, Venice, Denmark, Scotland, the Holy Roman Empire, Florence, Genoa and Guelders.