Historians had assumed traditional families in the preindustrial era involved the extended family, with grandparent, parents, children and … See more

With the onset of industrialisation in England, a growing divergence between high-minded romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of … See more

• Annales School
• Childhood
• Childhood in ancient Rome See more

In England during the Elizabethan era, the transmission of social norms was a family matter and children were taught the basic etiquette of proper manners and respecting others. … See more

The modern notion of childhood with its own autonomy and goals began to emerge during the Enlightenment and the Romantic period that followed it. Jean Jacques Rousseau formulated … See more

The modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century; the Victorian middle and upper classes emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child – an attitude … See more

• Cunningham, Hugh. "Histories of childhood." American Historical Review 103.4 (1998): 1195-1208.
• Cunningham, Hugh. Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. (1995); strongest on Britain See more