Historians had assumed traditional families in the preindustrial era involved the extended family, with grandparent, parents, children and perhaps some other relatives all living together and ruled by an elderly patriarch. … See more

With the onset of industrialisation in England, a growing divergence between high-minded romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of … See more

• Annales School
• Childhood
• Childhood in ancient Rome
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In England during the Elizabethan era, the transmission of social norms was a family matter and children were taught the basic etiquette of proper … See more

The modern notion of childhood with its own autonomy and goals began to emerge during the Enlightenment and the Romantic period that followed it. Jean Jacques Rousseau formulated … See more

The modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century; the Victorian middle and upper classes emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child – an attitude … See more

• Cunningham, Hugh. "Histories of childhood." American Historical Review 103.4 (1998): 1195-1208.
• Cunningham, Hugh. Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. (1995); strongest on Britain See more