A loanword is distinguished from a calque (or loan translation), which is a word or phrase whose meaning or idiom is adopted from another language by word-for-word translation into existing words or word-forming roots of the … See more

The English language has borrowed many words from other cultures or languages. For examples, see Lists of English words by country or language of origin and Anglicisation See more

According to Hans Henrich Hock and Brian Joseph, "languages and dialects ... do not exist in a vacuum": there is always linguistic contact between groups. The contact influences … See more

• Bilingual pun
• Hybrid word
• Inkhorn term
• Language contact
• Neologism
• Phono-semantic matching See more

Loanwords are adapted from one language to another in a variety of ways. The studies by Werner Betz (1971, 1901), Einar Haugen (1958, also 1956), and Uriel Weinreich (1963) … See more

Transmission in the Ottoman Empire
During more than 600 years of the Ottoman Empire, the literary and administrative language of the empire was Turkish, … See more

In some cases, the original meaning shifts considerably through unexpected logical leaps, creating false friends. The English word Viking became Japanese バイキング (baikingu), meaning … See more