Origins
The origins of machine translation can be traced back to the work of Al-Kindi, a ninth-century Arabic cryptographer who developed … See more

Studies using human evaluation (e.g. by professional literary translators or human readers) have systematically identified various issues with … See more

There are many factors that affect how machine translation systems are evaluated. These factors include the intended use of the translation, the nature of the machine … See more

Only works that are original are subject to copyright protection, so some scholars claim that machine translation results are not entitled to … See more

Before the advent of deep learning methods, statistical methods required a lot of rules accompanied by morphological, syntactic, and semantic annotations.
Rule-based See more

While no system provides the ideal of fully automatic high-quality machine translation of unrestricted text, many fully automated systems produce … See more

In the early 2000s, options for machine translation between spoken and signed languages were severely limited. It was a common belief that deaf individuals could use traditional … See more