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    The ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) model is a popular statistical method used for time series forecasting. It is based on the idea that past values of a time series can be used to predict its future values. The ARIMA model is characterized by three parameters: p, d, and q.

    • p: The order of the autoregressive (AR) term, which represents the number of lagged values of the time series used as predictors.

    • d: The degree of differencing required to make the time series stationary. Differencing involves subtracting the previous value from the current value to remove trends and seasonality.

    • q: The order of the moving average (MA) term, which represents the number of lagged forecast errors used in the model.

    Building an ARIMA Model

    To build an ARIMA model, follow these steps:

    1. Make the Time Series Stationary: Use differencing to remove trends and seasonality. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test can be used to check for stationarity.

    2. Determine the Order of Differencing (d): The minimum differencing required to make the series stationary is chosen as the value of d.

    3. Identify the Order of AR Term (p): Use the Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF) plot to determine the number of AR terms.

    4. Identify the Order of MA Term (q): Use the Autocorrelation Function (ACF) plot to determine the number of MA terms.

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