On 9 October 2022, a small depression developed in the south Pacific, near Tonga, and in subsequent days this moved towards Antarctica. In so doing it developed explosively to become, so far as we can tell, the deepest extratropical cyclone of modern times.

On 16 October 2022, an extreme cyclone (hereafter EC2022) struck the southeast Pacific Ocean and broke through a record low pressure of 900 hPa, and this is the strongest extratropical cyclone of modern times in the world (Hewson et al., 2023).

The satellite presentation over the North Atlantic today revealed a very impressive and textbook transition of hurricane Epsilon into an extratropical low. Attached are water vapor satellite images of Monday morning versus Monday evening.

Taken by various of satellites throughout the modern era, these are the most intense tropical cyclones in each basin. Out of all these tropical cyclones, Typhoon Tip had the lowest atmospheric pressure measured in a tropical cyclone, at 870 mbar (25.69 inHg). It is the third image in the first row.

In October 2022, an extreme cyclone developed in the South Pacific Ocean with a sea level pressure of 900 hPa, becoming the strongest extratropical cyclone in the satellite era. Using ERA5 reanalysis data, we investigated its development mechanisms and examined long-term changes in the occurrence of extreme cyclones over the Southern Ocean.