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  1. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    • The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement of the law is that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter (or 'downhill' in terms of the temperature gradient). Another statement is: "Not all heat can be conver… See more

    Introduction

    The first law of thermodynamics provides the definition of the internal energy of a thermodynamic system, … See more

    Various statements of the law

    The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, the most prominent classical statements being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in … See more

    Corollaries

    Before the establishment of the second law, many people who were interested in inventing a perpetual motion machine had tried to circumvent the restrictions of first law of thermodynamics by extracting the massive int… See more

    Direction of spontaneous processes

    The second law determines whether a proposed physical or chemical process is forbidden or may occur spontaneously. For isolated systems, no energy is provided by the surroundings and the second law requires th… See more

    History

    The first theory of the conversion of heat into mechanical work is due to Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824. He was the first to realize correctly that the efficiency of this conversion depends on the difference of temperat… See more

    Statistical mechanics

    Statistical mechanics gives an explanation for the second law by postulating that a material is composed of atoms and molecules which are in constant motion. A particular set of positions and velocities for each particl… See more

    Derivation from statistical mechanics

    The first mechanical argument of the Kinetic theory of gases that molecular collisions entail an equalization of temperatures and hence a tendency towards equilibrium was due to James Clerk Maxwell in 1860; Ludwig Boltzmann with … See more

     
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  2. second law of thermodynamics - Encyclopedia Britannica

    Oct 25, 2024 · Second law of thermodynamics, statement describing the amount of useful work that can be done from a process that exchanges or transfers heat. The concept of entropy was introduced as a precise mathematical way of …

     
  3. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics - Chemistry LibreTexts

  4. 14.3: The Second Law of Thermodynamics - Physics …

    Learn the concept of irreversibility and the second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat transfer occurs spontaneously from hot to cold and not vice versa. Explore the implications of the second law for heat engines and their efficiency.

  5. Laws of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

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  7. Second Law of Thermodynamics - BYJU'S

    Learn the second law of thermodynamics, which states that any spontaneous process increases the entropy of the universe. Find out the different statements, equations, and applications of the law, such as heat engines and refrigerators.

  8. Laws of thermodynamics | Definition, Physics, & Facts | Britannica

  9. 4: The Second Law of Thermodynamics - Physics LibreTexts

  10. Second Law of Thermodynamics - HyperPhysics

  11. 19.2: The Second Law of Thermodynamics

    The second law of thermodynamics states that in a reversible process, the entropy of the universe is constant, whereas in an irreversible process, such as the transfer of heat from a hot object to a cold object, the entropy of the …

  12. 6.4: The second law of thermodynamics- Kelvin …

    A real process or device must satisfy both the first and the second laws of thermodynamics: the first law sets a constraint on the amount of energy that must be conserved in a process or a device; the second law indicates whether a …

  13. 4.5: Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

  14. 3.4: The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

  15. Second Law Of Thermodynamics: Definition, Equation & Examples

  16. What is the second law of thermodynamics? | Live Science

  17. 15.3: Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics - Heat …

  18. 44 The Laws of Thermodynamics - The Feynman Lectures on …

  19. 3.2: The Second Law - Physics LibreTexts

  20. Entropy - Wikipedia

  21. 2.5: Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics