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The Arctic sea ice and its related biota are unique, and the year-round persistence of the ice has allowed the development of ice endemic species, meaning species not found anywhere else. There are differing scientific opinions about how long perennial sea ice has existed in the Arctic.

Apr 10, 2023 · Arctic ice fluctuates a lot over geologic time, and there have been periodic examples of a completely ice-free Arctic over the last 350,000 years. But at least some amount of year-round Arctic ice cover developed around 5,000 years ago and has been with us ever since.

Jul 1, 2010 · This paper provides an overview of the Arctic sea-ice history spanning multiple climate regimes, from the early Cenozoic to present.

Nov 23, 2011 · Kinnard et al. present a high-resolution reconstruction of past sea-ice cover changes in the Arctic and show that the recent sea-ice loss is unprecedented in the context of the past 1,450...

Jan 5, 2020 · In the real Arctic, sea ice extent started and ended 2019 as the highest in five years. Ocean and Ice Services | Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut Ice extent is very close to the 1981-2010 median.

Nov 3, 2019 · But how did Arctic sea ice vary in the months, years, and decades before satellites? The history of Arctic exploration goes back at least a thousand years, to when the northern reaches of Russia we being mapped, and Norse sagas recorded ice conditions around Iceland even further back in time.

This article provides an overview of modern, historical, and long-term proxy sea-ice data sets that cover the last millennium. We describe available Arctic sea-ice data sources, discuss each data set’s strengths and limitations, and compare multisourced …

Nov 6, 2019 · The main focus of this review paper is the long-term late Mesozoic-Cenozoic Arctic Ocean climate history from Greenhouse to Icehouse conditions, with special emphasis on Arctic sea ice history.

Mar 28, 2025 · The loss of Arctic sea ice has been dramatic, with a decline of about 60 per cent since 1900, most of which has happened since 1980. With less ice to reflect sunlight, more heat is absorbed by the ocean, contributing to changes in atmospheric and oceanic patterns. These shifts have been widely discussed in relation to extreme weather events in ...

Jan 19, 2010 · Arctic sea-ice extent and volume are declining rapidly. Several studies project that the Arctic Ocean may become seasonally ice-free by the year 2040 or even earlier. Putting this into...