Etymology
The term "Hyksos" is derived, via the Greek Ὑκσώς (Hyksôs), from the Egyptian expression 𓋾𓈎𓈉 (ḥqꜣ-ḫꜣswt or ḥqꜣw-ḫꜣswt, "heqau … See more

Early contacts between Egypt and the Levant
Historical records suggest that Semitic people and Egyptians had contacts at all periods of Egypt's … See more

In the Manethonian–Josephus tradition
Josephus, and most of the writers of antiquity, associated the Hyksos with the Jews. Quoting from See more

The Hyksos' rule continued to be condemned by New Kingdom pharaohs such as Hatshepsut, who, 80 years after their defeat, claimed … See more

Ancient historians
In his epitome of Manetho, Josephus connected the Hyksos with the Jews, but he also calls them Arabs. In their own epitomes of … See more

Administration
The Hyksos show a mix of Egyptian and Levantine cultural traits. Their rulers adopted the full ancient Egyptian royal titulary and employed Egyptian scribes and officials. They also used Near-Eastern forms of … See more

Royal construction and patronage
The Hyksos do not appear to have produced any court art, instead appropriating monuments from earlier dynasties by writing … See more