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- Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death in 11811. He is considered one of the great medieval popes and is remembered for instituting the two-thirds majority rule for papal elections, championing the universities, and endorsing ecclesiastical independence2. Alexander III was a vigorous exponent of papal authority, which he defended against challenges by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II of England3.Learn more:✕This summary was generated using AI based on multiple online sources. To view the original source information, use the "Learn more" links.Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland (Italian: Rolando), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death in 1181.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IIIConsidered one of the great medieval popes, Alexander III (c. 1100–1181) held the pontificate from September 7, 1159, until his death in 1181. He is remembered for instituting the two-thirds majority rule for papal elections, championing the universities, and endorsing ecclesiastical independence.www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/russian-sovi…Alexander III, pope from 1159 to 1181, a vigorous exponent of papal authority, which he defended against challenges by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II of England.www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-III-pope
Alexander III | Pope & Antipope, Papal Reformer
Pope Alexander III and the rise of the Normans
Alexander III, orig. Rolando Bandinelli, (born c. 1105, Siena, Tuscany—died Aug. 30, 1181, Rome), Pope (1159–81). A member of the group of cardinals who feared the growing strength of the Holy Roman Empire, he helped draw up an …
Third Council of the Lateran - Wikipedia
Pope Alexander III - The 170th Pope - PopeHistory.com
Pope Alexander III was the 170th pope. He served for nearly 22 years and remained pope until he passed away from natural causes. This article will …
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Pope Alexander III | Catholic Answers Encyclopedia
To crown and seal the triumph of religion, Alexander convoked and presided over the Third Lateran Council (Eleventh Ecumenical), in 1179. Surrounded by over 300 bishops, the much-tried Pontiff issued many salutary decrees, notably the …
Pope Alexander III - Simple English Wikipedia, the free …
The Life and Legacy of Pope Alexander III - Of One Tree
Jan 31, 2024 · Pope Alexander III left an enduring legacy, defined by his commitment to church reform, promotion of unity among different faiths, and skilled diplomacy. His contributions to the Church and society as a whole …
Alexander III - Vatican
Pope Alexander III (1159-1181) - GCatholic.org
Alexander III - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online
The Third Lateran Council, convoked in 1179, ended unanimous papal elections and established the two-thirds majority rule. Alexander was the first pope to express concern about the Albigenses and was an influence on Peter Abelard.
Pope Alexander III - Papal Artifacts
Pope Alexander III - Encyclopedia Volume - Catholic Online
Pope Alexander III (1159–81) | The Art of Survival | Anne J.
Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival, ed. Peter D.
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander III - NEW ADVENT
Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival - Google Books
Pope Alexander III (1159–81) The Art of Survival - Routledge
Pope Alexander III - CatholiCity.com
Pope Alexander III - Wikiquote
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