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Abdulhamid II or Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی, romanized: Abd ul-Hamid-i s̱ānī; Turkish: II. Abdülhamid; 21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the …

Abdulhamid II, Ottoman sultan from 1876 to 1909, under whose autocratic rule the reform movement of Tanzimat (Reorganization) reached its climax and who adopted a policy of pan …

Abdul Hamid II (1842-1918) was the son of Sultan Abdul Majid (1823-1861) and a Circassian mother. As a child, he received an education worthy of a caliph and Sultan. His tutors included …

Mar 29, 2024 · Abdulhamid II is one of the most controversial and divisive figures in modern Turkish history. His detractors call him the "kizil sultan" (the red sultan) after the blood they …

Apr 29, 2025 · Abdul Hamid II, who ruled from 1876 to 1909, was the last Ottoman Sultan to wield effective executive power. He inherited an empire facing internal dissent, nationalist uprisings, …

Jan 2, 2025 · Abdul Hamid II was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Reigning from 1876 to 1909, his tenure marked the last phase in which a sultan wielded substantial authority over a …

Abdülhamid II was the last Ottoman Sultan to rule with absolute power. He saw the loss of the Balkans and of Cyprus, amassed crippling debts and moved the Empire into what proved to be …

Mar 22, 2025 · Abdul Hamid II was more than just an Ottoman Sultan —he was a master strategist, a feared autocrat, and a deeply religious yet pragmatic ruler. His reign (1876-1909) …

ABDUL-HAMID II (1842–1918), sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909. Abdul-Hamid II's reign as sultan was marked by the attempted promulgation of a constitution in 1876, his …

Feb 16, 2018 · Abdülhamid II's 33-year reign was a difficult period for the Ottoman Empire due to internal and external threats. But he tried to keep the empire alive with his subtle politics and …