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Étienne-Louis Malus - WikipediaÉtienne-Louis Malus was a French officer, engineer, physicist, and mathematician.
Malus was born in Paris, France. He participated in Napoleon's expedition into Egypt (1798 to 1801) and was a member of the mathematics section of the Institut d'Égypte. Malus became a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1810. In 1810 the Royal Society of London awarded him the Rumford Medal.Étienne-Louis Malus was a French officer, engineer, physicist, and mathematician.
Malus was born in Paris, France. He participated in Napoleon's expedition into Egypt (1798 to 1801) and was a member of the mathematics section of the Institut d'Égypte. Malus became a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1810. In 1810 the Royal Society of London awarded him the Rumford Medal.
His mathematical work was almost entirely concerned with the study of light. He studied geometric systems called ray systems, closely connected to Julius Plücker's line geometry. He conducted experiments to verify Christiaan Huygens's theories of light and rewrote the theory in analytical form. His discovery of the polarization of light by reflection was published in 1809 and his theory of double refraction of light in crystals, in 1810.
Malus attempted to identify the relationship between the polarising angle of reflection that he had discovered, and the refractive index of the reflecting material. While he deduced th…
Read more on WikipediaWikipediaIn 1810, Malus, while engaged on the theory of double refraction, casually examined through a doubly refracting prism of quartz the sunlight reflected from the windows of the Luxembourg palace. He was surprised to find that the two rays alternately disappeared as the prism was rotated through successive right angles, in other words, that the reflected light had acquired properties exactly corresponding to those of the rays transmitted through Iceland spar.
He named this phenomenon polarization, and thought it could not be explained by wave theory of light. Instead, he explained it by stating that light-corpuscules have polarity (like magnetic poles).Continue reading• Mémoire sur la mesure du pouvoir réfringent des corps opaques. in Nouveau bulletin des sciences de la Société philomathique de Paris, 1 (1807), 77–81
• Mémoire sur de nouveaux phénomènes d’optique. ibid., 2 (1811), 291–295
• Traité d’optique. in Mémoires présentés à l’Institut des sciences par divers savants, 2 (1811), 214–302
• Théorie de la double réfraction de la lumière dans les substances cristallines. ibid., 303–508Continue readingMalus mathematically analyzed the properties of a system of continuous light rays in three dimensions. He found the equation of caustic surfaces and the Malus theorem: Rays of light that are emitted from a point source, after which they have been reflected on a surface, are all normal to a common surface, but after the second refraction they no longer have this property. If the perpendicular surface is identified with a wave front, it is obvious that this result is false, which Malus did not realize because he adhered to Newton's theory of light emission, and Malus's theorem was not proved until 1824 by W. R. Hamilton.
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The discovery of polarization (polarization.com)
Christian Huygens developed a pulse-wave theory of light that he published in 1690 in his famous optical book "Traite de la Lumiere", while Isaac Newton pushed a corpuscular theory of light in …
Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You
In 1808, Malus famously discovered that light could be polarized (a term coined by Malus) by reflection as he observed sunlight reflected from the windows of the Luxemburg Palace in Paris through an Iceland spar crystal that he rotated.
Polarization of Light - Definition, Types, Examples & Applications
See more on geeksforgeeks.orgPolarization is a phenomenon induced by the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation, according to physics. Sunlight is an example of an electromagnetic wave since it travels through the vacuum to reach the Earth. Because an electric field interacts with a magnetic field, these waves are known as electromagnetic waves…- Published: Sep 1, 2021
The history of light polarization began with the Danish physicist, physician and mathematician, Erasmus Bartholinus (1625-1698), who in 1669 discovered the phenomenon of double …
Etienne Louis Malus - Oxford Reference
In explaining his observations Malus, a Newtonian and believer in corpuscular theory, argued that light particles have sides or poles and used for the first time the word ‘polarization’ to describe …
Polarization Of Light - Unifyphysics
Erasmus Bartholinus, a Danish scientist, made a groundbreaking discovery in 1669. He was studying a naturally occurring crystal called Iceland spar. When he looked through this crystal, he noticed something peculiar: objects appeared …
The Polarization of Light by Reflection | Dec 2008
It is now two hundred years since Étienne-Louis Malus, a French mathematician, discovered the polarization of light by reflection. Malus’s discovery was made using a birefringent mineral. Birefringence occurs when light of different …
In his paper “Sur une proprieté de la lumière réfléchie” (1809) Malus proves that polarization is an intrinsic property of light and demonstrates that polarization can be easily produced through …
François Arago | French Astronomer, Mathematician …
François Arago was a French physicist who discovered the principle of the production of magnetism by rotation of a nonmagnetic conductor. He also devised an experiment that proved the wave theory of light and engaged with others in …
How was light polarization interpreted when first discovered?
Aug 25, 2023 · Based on 1816 polarization experiments of Arago and Fresnel, Thomas Young (who considered a "wave theory" of light) deduced in 1817 that light have to be a transverse …
Polarization of Light - Science Facts
Apr 16, 2020 · The history of light polarization began with the Danish physicist, physician, and mathematician, Erasmus Bartholinus, who, in 1669, discovered the phenomenon of double …
Pioneers in the Optical Sciences - National MagLab
In 1808, Malus discovered that light could be polarized (a term coined by Malus) by reflection as he observed sunlight reflected from the windows of the Luxemburg Palace in Paris through an …
History of Light and Polarization - Wiley Online Library
Nov 11, 2022 · The history of polarization in optical fibers and waveguides could not even start without the history of guided light, which relies on a phenomenon called total internal …
Polarization of light - Book chapter - IOPscience
Jan 11, 2023 · Etienne Louis Malus (1775–1812) first gave the name 'polarization' to properties of light that had been discovered earlier, for example by Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) in the …
Polarimeter - Kenyon College
Polarization by reflection was discovered in 1808 by Etienne Malus (1775-1812). Malus, who had been doing experimental work on double refraction while working on a theory of the effect, …
Who discovered polarization phenomenon? - Answers
The first person to observe the polarization of light was Etienne-Louis Malus (1775-1812), who found that light passing through a piece of Iceland spar crystal was split into two beams.
Sir David Brewster - National MagLab
Sir David Brewster was a Scottish physicist who invented the kaleidoscope, made major improvements to the stereoscope, and discovered the polarization phenomenon of light …
Who Invented the Polarizing Microscope in History? - Wisorly
Jul 7, 2022 · In 1809 Dominique Francois Jean Arago (1786-1853) French physicist and astronomer discovered the polarization of light from the clear blue sky.
Astronomers unveil spectro-polarimetric properties of X-ray binary …
1 day ago · The study found that GX 9+1 showcases a significant polarization in the 2–3 keV energy range, with a polarization degree of about 3.3% and a polarization angle of …
Evolution of topological singularities below the light line in …
Polarization singularities that exist in momentum space have brought new opportunities in various fields such as enhanced optical nonlinearity, structured laser sources, and light field …
Physics - Quantum Milestones, 1927: Electrons Act Like Waves
Feb 3, 2025 · A 1927 paper in the Physical Review demonstrated that particles of matter can act like waves, just as light waves sometimes behave like particles . Clinton Davisson and Lester …
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