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    Yugambeh people - Wikipedia

    Yugambeh is the traditional language term for the Aboriginal people that inhabit the territory between the Logan river and the Tweed river. Their ethnonym derives from the Yugambeh word for "no", namely yugam/yugam(beh), reflecting a widespread practice in Aboriginal languages to identify a tribe by the word they used for a negative, this is typical of the area, as Kabi, Wakka, Jandai, Guwarall mean "no" as well. Yugambeh refers to people descended from spea…

    Yugambeh is the traditional language term for the Aboriginal people that inhabit the territory between the Logan river and the Tweed river. Their ethnonym derives from the Yugambeh word for "no", namely yugam/yugam(beh), reflecting a widespread practice in Aboriginal languages to identify a tribe by the word they used for a negative, this is typical of the area, as Kabi, Wakka, Jandai, Guwar all mean "no" as well. Yugambeh refers to people descended from speakers of a range of dialects spoken in the Albert and Logan River basins of South Queensland, stretching over the area from the Gold Coast west to Beaudesert, while also including the coastal area just over the border into New South Wales along the coast down to the Tweed Valley. Tindale listed a number of alternative names and spellings for the Jukambe including: Yugambir, Yugumbir, Yoocumbah, Yoocum, Jukam, Yukum, Yögum, Yuggum, Jugambeir, Chepara, Tjapera, Tjipara, Chipara. The Yugambeh use the word Miban/Mibanj /Mibin meaning wedge-tailed eagle to denote an indigenous person of the group, and is the preferred endonym for the people; Gurgun Mibinyah (Language of Mibin [Man/Eagle]) being used to describe their dialects; Y…

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    The Yugambeh , also known as the Minyangbal (/ˌmɪnjʌŋbʌl/ MI-nyung-BUHL), or Nganduwal (/ˌŋɑːndʊwʌl/ NGAHN-doo-WUL), are an Aboriginal Australian people of South East Queensland and the Northern Rivers of New South Wales, their territory lies between the Logan and Tweed rivers. A term for an Aboriginal of the Yugambeh tribe is Mibunn (also written as Miban/Mibanj, Mibin, Mibiny, Mebbon, Meebin ), which is derived from the word for the wedge-tailed eagle. Historically, some anthropologists have erroneously referred to them as the Chepara (also written as Chipara, Tjapera ), the term for a first-degree initiate. Archaeological evidence indicates Aboriginal people have occupied the area for tens of thousands of years. By the time European colonisation began, the Yugambeh had a complex network of groups, and kinship. The Yugambeh territory is subdivided among clan groups with each occupying a designated locality, each clan having certain rights and responsibilities in relation to their respective areas.

    Europeans arrived within their proximity in the 1820s, before formally entering Yugambeh territory c.1842. Their arrival displaced Yugambeh groups, and conflict between both sides soon followed throughout the 1850/60s By the 20th century, they were being forced onto missions and reserves despite local resistance. Other Yugambeh people found refuge in the mountains or gained employment among the Europeans. The last of the missions/reserves in the area closed in 1948 and 1951, though people continued to occupy them. Throughout the 70s-90s, the Yugambeh founded organisations and businesses in culture/language, housing and community care, wildlife and land preservation, and tourism. It is estimated there were between 1,500 and 2,000 Aboriginal people in the watersheds of the Logan, Albert, Coomera and Nerang before the 1850s. The 2016 Australian census records 12,315 Aboriginal people in the four local government areas, a portion of these are non-Yugambeh Aboriginal peoples who have moved into the area for work, or as a result of forced removals.

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    The Yugambeh language (also termed the Mibin dialects ) is a dialect cluster of the wider Bandjalangic branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family, which is neutrally called the Tweed-Albert Group. Yugambeh was included in the Australian Standard Classification of Languages as Yugambeh (8965) in 2016. Results from the 2021 Census indicated there were 208 Yugambeh speakers, up from the 2016 results of 18 speakers.

    The northern dialects represent a distinct homogenous linguistic group, one of their distinctive features being a high percentage of Yagara language words. The language varieties spoken on the Gold Coast across to the Logan River could more appropriately be termed the Mibin dialects, according to Jefferies, the difference of Mibiny and Baygal for the word for "Man/people" is due to socio-political developments and not simply dialect splits, with Bannister commenting that the Yugambeh differed from the Bandjalang proper and Gidabal, due to distinct terms for basic concepts such man and woman, while grammatical studies show that the Yugambeh dialects did differ in some degree from other Bandjalang groups both lexically and morphologically.'
    The particular number of dialects (and their degree of mutual intelligibility) are differently described depending on the source.
    • According to Terry Crowley, the branch has 7 dialects.
    Shaun Davies, reperforming Crowley's original analysis, finds a single language with two mutually intelligible regional varieties and excludes Geynyan and the Byron Bay Minyungbal from the branch.
    Archibald Meston, the Chief Protector of Aborigines, writing in 1923, identifies a single "dialect" spoken in the area from the Nerang to the Logan, which he identified as Yoocum/Yoocumbah.
    • The Yugambeh Museum say their language is spoken in the Logan, Gold Coast, Scenic Rim, and Tweed areas.
    The Minyungbal of Byron are regarded by Tindale as a distinct group. Davies, noting that Crowley admitted to likely errors in his analysis, reconducted the analysis and found only a single Tweed-Albert Language, which is alternatively referred to as Yugam(beh) (also spelt Yugambir,) Minjangbal/Minyangbal , or Nganduwal (as well by the various clan names, such as Manaldjali. ) Ngarangwal – spoken between the Logan River and Point Danger, is said by Davies to only differ by a few words, e.g. the third-person singular female pronoun. Livingstone's Minyung, spoken at Byron Bay and on the Brunswick River and called a "sister dialect" to that spoken to the north, which he alternatively called Nghendu, is considered by Davies to be part of a separate linguistic branch. For Norman Tindale, the term Nganduwal was an alternative name of the Byron Bay Minyun…

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    The Yugambeh territory lies between the Logan and Tweed Rivers, while Norman Tindale estimated their territorial reach as extending over roughly 1,200 square miles (3,100 km ), along the Logan River from Rathdowney to its mouth, and running south as far as the vicinity of Southport. Their western frontier lay around Boonah and the slopes of the Great Dividing Range. Tindale places his Kalibal in the upper Nerang and western Tweed valley, and Minyungbal in the Lower Nerang and eastern Tweed valley. There are problems with Tindale's mapping, since he generally located his groups where Margaret Sharpe puts the Yugambeh people. Fison and Howitt writing in the late 19th century describe their country as "to the south of Brisbane, somewhat inland, but also along the coast" to as far as Point Danger, and "about the head of the Albert, Logan and Tweed rivers". The Yuggera are to their west and north, the Quandamooka to their north-east (North Stradbroke and Moreton Island), the Githabul to their south-west, and the Bundjalung to their south. According to Tindale, the Minyungbal held some 600 square miles (1,600 km ) of territory running northwards from Cape Byron as far as Southport. Their inland extension ran to Murwillumbah and Nerang Creek.

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    Linguistically, the Yugambeh speak language varieties of the wider Yugambeh-Bundjalung language group, their language forming a discrete dialect group. Culturally researchers, like Anthony Jefferies, have noted the Yugambeh have more affinity with their northern Yagara-speaking neighbours. Anthony Jefferies, having noted the Yugambeh, as well as Gidhabal, seem to have more linguistic and cultural affinity with the Durubulic language speakers to their north than with their southern Bundjalung neighbours, observed key differences between them:
    • The use of separate section names / social division terms
    • Distinct kinship systems in place (although with shared terminology)
    • Differences of scarring patterns
    R. H. Mathews visited the Yugambeh in 1906 and picked up the following information concerning their social divisions, which were fourfold. Mathews noted specific animals, plants and stars as associated with the divisions. This system of social divisions was shared with the neighboring Gidabal, and Yagara people. To the south, the Bundjalung section names were different, being Wirroong, Marroong, Woomboong, and Kurpoong respectively.
    Among the Yugambeh-Bundjalung languages there were two kinship systems a Wahlubal/Inland system and a Mibiny system, with Anthony Jefferies documenting an Aluridja type system, found in south Bandjalang dialect groups while a Senior Cousin/Junior Cousin kinship system was found amongst the Yugambeh (Mibiny), Yagara, and Ngugi groups. The Yugambeh kinship system is classificatory, i.e. all members of the same social division are classificatory siblings, and not marriageable. Their genealogical terms are extended beyond all blood relatives to include the members of that relatives social division. I.e. a woman of the same division of your mother is her sister, and therefore one's mother as well. The Mibiny kinship system is similar to the Iroquois kinship system, your mother's sisters are called Waijang "mother", and your father's brother's are called Biyang "father", they in turn will call you muyum/muyumgan "son/daughter". A distinction is made between cross-cousins called Yirabung and parallel cousins called Gujarang, parallel cousins are not considered marriageable. In the Yugambeh system, a mother's brother is called Gawang and a father's sister is called Ngaruny, they call their nephews/nieces, burrijang/burrijanggan, and nyugun and nyugunmahn respectively. The Ngaruny-Nyugun/Nyugunmahn relationship is of special importance as it is used to identified suitable marriageable partners, a ngaruny will find one of her sisters and make a match for her nyugun/nyugunmahn. This is distinct from the southern Wahlubal system used by the Bundjalung with Jefferies finding that whilst the Waalubal system has a single term /nyugu:n/ "nephew/niece", without g…

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