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- A peasant in Russia wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labour. Emerging after the emancipation of serfs in the 19th century the kulaks resisted Stalin's forced collectivization, but millions were arrested, exiled, or killed.
www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100044793 - People also ask
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See all on WikipediaKulak - Wikipedia
During the Russian Revolution, kulak was used to chastise peasants who withheld grain from the Bolsheviks. [3] According to Marxist–Leninist political theories of the early 20th century, the kulaks were considered class enemies of the poorer peasants. See more
Kulak , also kurkul (Ukrainian: куркуль) or golchomag (Azerbaijani: qolçomaq, plural: qolçomaqlar), was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over 3 ha (8 acres) of land towards the end of the See more
The term was first used in the 19th century as a pejorative to refer to wealthier peasants who owned land and offered credit to poorer peasants. Soviet terminology divided the Russian peasants into three broad categories:
1. See moreIn July 1929, official Soviet policy continued to state that the kulaks should not be terrorized and should be enlisted into the collective farms, but Stalin disagreed: "Now we have the opportunity to carry out a resolute offensive against the kulaks, break … See more
Pre-Revolution
Various tsarist officials and their opposition had expressed negative views of kulaks as early as the 19th century. Judge Anatoly Koni compared … See moreFrom 1929 to 1933, the grain quotas were artificially heightened. Peasants attempted to hide the grain and bury it. According to historian Robert … See more
• Classicide
• Earth (1930), a Ukrainian film by Alexander Dovzhenko concerning a community of farmers and their resistance to collectivization. Earth depicts the social struggles between kulaks and a youth who introduces a tractor … See moreWikipedia text under CC-BY-SA license The Campaign to Eliminate the Kulak as a Class, Winter …
According to Gushchin, “Likvidatsiia,” p. 130, in Siberia (data on seventeen okrugs), 4, 000 “kulak” families self-dekulakized and more than 8, 000 individuals (3, 600 with family and 4, …
The Liquidation of the Kulaks, 1930-1932
The “kulaks” were to be liquidated as a social group either by arresting and imprisoning them, or by deporting them and their families to remote regions, thereby neutralising their opposition to …
Gulag - Wikipedia
The Tsar and the Russian Empire both used forced exile and forced labour as forms of judicial punishment. Katorga, a category of punishment which was reserved for those who were convicted of the most serious crimes, had many of the features which were associated with labor-camp imprisonment: confinement, simplified facilities (as opposed to the facilities which existed in prisons), and f…
Wikipedia · Text under CC-BY-SA licenseAccording to Gushchin, "Likvidatsiia," p. 130, in Siberia (data on seventeen okrugs), 4,000 "kulak" families self-dekulakized and more than 8,000 individuals (3,600 with family and 4,600 without …
Kulaks - Oxford Reference
The term kulak, meaning “fist,” was used in the Russian village in the nineteenth century. It indicated wealthier peasants who exploited villagers by leasing horses and equipment, by …
Kulak - Encyclopedia.com
Aug 8, 2016 · kulak a peasant in Russia wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labour. Emerging after the emancipation of serfs in the 19th century the kulaks resisted Stalin's forced …
Kulak | Tsarist Russia, Peasant Uprisings, Land Reforms
Kulak, (Russian: “fist”), in Russian and Soviet history, a wealthy or prosperous peasant, generally characterized as one who owned a relatively large farm and several head of cattle and horses …
The Grain Crisis of 1927–29 - SpringerLink
Almost all the rest was supplied by richer peasants (widely called by their traditional peasant name of kulak, literally “fist”), who were able to hold back their grain until prices were high.
Kulak - Encyclopedia of Ukraine
During the Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21, the kulaks' farms were completely destroyed. The Bolsheviks confiscated all their ‘surplus’ grain, land, and in many cases, even means of …
Kulak - Oxford Reference
5 days ago · A peasant in Russia wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labour. Emerging after the emancipation of serfs in the 19th century the kulaks resisted Stalin's forced collectivization, …
The Kulak and the British General Council - Duke University Press
Chapter 8 looks at two developments: the question of how to tackle “the kulak” or richer peasantry inside the Soviet Union, and the question of how the Communist International related to the …
The kulak here is not classed with the well-off peasant of the NEP period, and the latter is not identified with the village capitalist. These views of Communist leaders link up with notions …
Stalin’s Empire: The Gulag and Police Colonization in the Soviet …
By highlighting issues of geography, resource extraction, and colonization organized primarily by the secret police, it suggests dimensions of similarity with the Nazis’ plans for the east after a …
Kulaks - Encyclopedia.com
Kulak, in Russian, means a "fist." When used for rich peasants, it alludes to their alleged fist-like hold on their poorer brethren. Vladimir Lenin saw the kulak as a "village bourgeoisie" that …
Who were the Kulaks? - The Telegraph
Nov 6, 2019 · Kulak in Russian means "fist," as in "you tight-fisted, miserly bastard," and it was originally simply a derogatory term for a dishonest person who grew wealthy trading grain. But …
Kulak - Wikiwand
Kulaks referred to former peasants in the Russian Empire who became landowners and credit-loaners after the abolition of serfdom in 1861 and during the Stolypin reform of 1906 to 1914, …
The Fate of the Kulaks in Stalin’s Soviet Union
In 1930, the Soviet Union embarked upon a policy of eliminating the most prosperous portion of the peasantry, known as “kulaks.” As in all policy developments in the period, it was couched …
The Emancipation of the Russian Serfs, 1861 | History Today
In 1861 serfdom, the system which tied the Russian peasants irrevocably to their landlords, was abolished at the Tsar’s imperial command. Four years later, slavery in the USA was similarly …
What does the term "Kulak" actually mean? : r/AskARussian
In reality it was used to take away peasents property and force them back into slavery in kolhoz. The then equivalent of "eat the rich". People with more than one cow were subject to …
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