It is a thin layer of cells below the cuticle. Mostly they are devoid of chloroplasts and thus do not perform photosynthesis. The upper epidermis performs the following functions: 1… See more

It is found just below the upper epidermis and is thus also called the upper leaf cells. They consist of columnar cells arranged vertically beside each other, much like the columns of … See more

This layer is found below the palisade layer. Also called the lower leaf cells, the spongy layer consists of irregularly shaped cells consisting of the vascular tissues – xylemand p… See more

It is located on the bottom side of the leaves below the spongy mesophyll layer of cells. Stomata are essential structures in the lower epidermis. There may be up to one million … See more