Low-powered microwave transmitters can be foiled by tree branches, or even heavy rain or snow. The presence of objects not in the direct line-of-sight can cause diffraction effects that … See more

The radio horizon is the locus of points at which direct rays from an antenna are tangential to the surface of the Earth. If the Earth were a perfect sphere without an atmosphere, the See more

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• Article on the importance of Line Of Sight for UHF reception
• Attenuation Levels Through Roofs
• Approximating 2-Ray Model by using Binomial series by Matthew Bazajian See more

Although the frequencies used by mobile phones (cell phones) are in the line-of-sight range, they still function in cities. This is made possible by a combination of the following effects:
• 1⁄r propagation over the rooftop landscape See more

• Anomalous propagation
• Dipole field strength in free space
• Knife-edge effect
• Multilateration
• Non-line-of-sight propagation See more