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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984. It standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven distinct layers, each with specific responsibilities12.
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Physical Layer (Layer 1): This layer is responsible for the physical connection between devices. It transmits raw bit streams over a physical medium, such as cables or radio waves. Devices like hubs, repeaters, and cables operate at this layer13.
Data Link Layer (Layer 2): This layer ensures error-free data transfer between adjacent network nodes. It handles framing, physical addressing, and error detection. Devices like switches and bridges operate at this layer13.
Network Layer (Layer 3): This layer is responsible for data transmission between different networks. It handles logical addressing and routing, ensuring data packets find the best path to their destination. Routers operate at this layer13.
Transport Layer (Layer 4): This layer provides end-to-end communication services for applications. It ensures complete data transfer with error checking and flow control. Protocols like TCP and UDP operate at this layer13.
Session Layer (Layer 5): This layer manages sessions between applications. It establishes, maintains, and terminates connections, ensuring data exchange is synchronized and organized13.
Presentation Layer (Layer 6): This layer translates data between the application layer and the network. It handles data encryption, compression, and translation, ensuring data is in a usable format13.
Application Layer (Layer 7): This layer provides network services directly to end-user applications. It includes protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP, which support web browsing, file transfer, and email services13.
OSI Model Analogy - OSI 7 layers Explained
Feb 6, 2025 · The OSI Model has 7 layers, while the TCP/IP Model simplifies it into 4 layers (Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface). The TCP/IP Model focuses on practical implementation, whereas the OSI Model is a …
Difference Between Segments, Packets and Frames
Aug 26, 2024 · What’s the main difference between a packet and a frame? Packets are used for routing between networks, while frames are for direct …
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What is OSI Model | 7 Layers Explained
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How Communication happens using OSI model - GeeksforGeeks
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This is exactly why we still use the OSI model when …
May 21, 2024 · The OSI Model we just looked at is merely a logical/reference model. It was created to define the communication system’s functions by breaking down the communication process into smaller, more manageable components.
Difference Between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model
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6 days ago · Packet switching is a data transfer method in computer networks that breaks data into packets for efficient transmission, allowing for dynamic routing and minimal latency without the need for pre-established connections.
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OSI, TCP/IP and Hybrid Models - GeeksforGeeks
Apr 24, 2023 · In the real world, we use a mix of both the OSI model and the TCP/IP model, called the Hybrid model. In the Hybrid model, the Application layer is a combination of the …
Protocols in Application Layer - GeeksforGeeks
Dec 28, 2024 · The Application Layer in the OSI model facilitates user access to networks through various protocols, enabling efficient communication and data sharing between software …
Which layer of OSI Model is Responsible for Reliable Connections?
Feb 23, 2024 · The transport layer, or layer 4 of the OSI model, controls network traffic between hosts and end systems to guarantee full data flows. Data volume, destination, and rate are all …
Data Link Layer in OSI Model - GeeksforGeeks
Jan 31, 2025 · The Data Link Layer in the OSI model ensures error-free node-to-node data delivery within local networks and is divided into two sub-layers: Logical Link Control (LLC) …
Network Layer Services - GeeksforGeeks
Jan 27, 2025 · A packet header contains information about the packet, such as the source and destination IP addresses, packet size, and routing information. This helps the network layer …
Difference between layer-2 and layer-3 switches - GeeksforGeeks
Dec 28, 2024 · A Layer-2 switch works at the Data Link layer or Layer 2 of the OSI reference model. It especially utilizes MAC addresses to direct information packets between devices that …
Layered Architecture in Computer Networks - GeeksforGeeks
Aug 8, 2024 · 1. OSI Model. OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. OSI is a seven layered architecture. All these seven layers work collaboratively to transmit data from one …
Design Issues in Network Layer - GeeksforGeeks
May 22, 2024 · The Network layer is majorly focused on getting packets from the source to the destination, routing error handling, and congestion control. Before learning about design …
OSI Model Full Form – Open System Interconnection
Jan 8, 2025 · Open System Interconnection (OSI) model is reference model that is used to describe and explain how does information from software application in one of computers …
Logical Link Control (LLC) Protocol Data Unit - GeeksforGeeks
Jun 17, 2021 · OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It is a model used in computer networking to explain how data moves from one device to another across a network. The OSI …
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