• The exact cause is not known but likely causes include:
• Defect in the protective lining of the bladder (a leak in the epithelium may allow toxic substances in urine to irritate bladder wall),
• Autoimmune reaction,
• Hereditary,
• Infection or allergy.
• The risk factors include:
• Gender - women are more at higher risk
• Age - People at the age of 30s or older are more likely to develop Interstitial cystitis
• Chronic pain disorder, such as irritable bowel syndrome or fibromyalgia.

• Staying hydrated by taking plenty of fluids
• Avoiding coffee, alcohol, caffeine-containing beverages and citrus fruits
• Quit smoking

If untreated for a prolonged period it may lead to

• Reduced bladder capacity due to stiffening of the bladder wall which allows bladder to hold less urine.
• Sleep disturbances due to frequent urination.
• Anxiety and depression due to emotional stress caused by chronic pain and interrupted sleep associated with interstitial cystitis.
• Lower quality of life – frequent urination and pain may interfere with social activities, work and other daily life activities.

Treatment mainly includes lifestyle modification and therapy.

Medication

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Decreases inflammation and relieve pain.

Ibuprofen . Naproxen sodium

Tricyclic antidepressants: To relax bladder and block pain.

Amitriptyline . Imipramine

Antihistamines: Reduces allergic reaction, urinary urgency and frequency.

Loratadine

Anti irritants: Used to restore the inner surface of the bladder which protects the bladder wall from substances that could irritate it.

Pentosan polysulfate sodium