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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984. It standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven distinct layers, each with specific responsibilities12.
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Physical Layer (Layer 1): This layer is responsible for the physical connection between devices. It transmits raw bit streams over a physical medium, such as cables or radio waves. Devices like hubs, repeaters, and cables operate at this layer13.
Data Link Layer (Layer 2): This layer ensures error-free data transfer between adjacent network nodes. It handles framing, physical addressing, and error detection. Devices like switches and bridges operate at this layer13.
Network Layer (Layer 3): This layer is responsible for data transmission between different networks. It handles logical addressing and routing, ensuring data packets find the best path to their destination. Routers operate at this layer13.
Transport Layer (Layer 4): This layer provides end-to-end communication services for applications. It ensures complete data transfer with error checking and flow control. Protocols like TCP and UDP operate at this layer13.
Session Layer (Layer 5): This layer manages sessions between applications. It establishes, maintains, and terminates connections, ensuring data exchange is synchronized and organized13.
Presentation Layer (Layer 6): This layer translates data between the application layer and the network. It handles data encryption, compression, and translation, ensuring data is in a usable format13.
Application Layer (Layer 7): This layer provides network services directly to end-user applications. It includes protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP, which support web browsing, file transfer, and email services13.
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