Spatial planning can be defined as the coordination of practices and policies affecting spatial organization. Spatial planning is synonymous with the practices of urban planning in the United States but at larger scales and the term is often used in reference to planning efforts in European countries.

Resilient land-use planning (RLUP) is a key factor to land use decisions and zoning extensions.

The documentation speaks about their attitudes toward plan-making and implementation, both in urban and in spatial planning, as well as about their understanding of planning, planning documents, and planning documents’ roles.

Urban planning is one of a number of designations for forms of spatial planning that encompass ways in which land, land use, spatial morphologies, resource distribution, and economic and social interactions may be planned and managed.

Here, we show an empirically-based analytical framework grounded on an analysis of 21 European urban regions, representing the key components of plan-making and plan-implementation as well as the main interrelationships among them.