It has long been known that wind can drive ocean currents, but only at the surface. In the 19th century, some
In … See more

These density differences caused by temperature and salinity ultimately separate ocean water into distinct water masses, such as the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). T… See more

As the deep waters sink into the ocean basins, they displace the older deep-water masses, which gradually become less dense due to continued ocean mixing. Thus, some water is rising, in what is known as … See more

The thermohaline circulation plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in regulating the amount of sea ice in these regions, although poleward heat transport outside the tropics is consider… See more

• Oceans portal
• Atlantic multidecadal oscillation – Climate cycle that affects the surface temperature of the North Atlantic
• Brunt-Väisälä frequency – Measure of fluid stability against vertical displacement … See more

• Apel, JR (1987). Principles of Ocean Physics. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-058866-8.
• Gnanadesikan, A.; R. D. Slater; P. S. Swathi; G. K. Vallis (2005). "The energetics of ocean heat transport". Journal of Climate. … See more