Puff pastry, also known as pâte feuilletée, is a light, flaky pastry, its base dough composed of wheat flour and water. Butter or other solid fat is then layered into the dough. The dough is repeatedly rolled and folded, rested, re-rolled and folded, encasing solid butter between each resulting layer. This produces a laminated dough. During baking, gaps form between the layers left by the fat melting; the pastry is leavened by steam from the water content of the fat as it expands, puffing the separate layers. The pastry layers crisp as the heated fat is in contact with its surfaces. While modern puff pastry was developed in France in the 17th century, related laminated and air-leavened pastry has a long history. In Spain, likely built upon Arab or Moorish culinary traditions, the first known recipe for pastry using butter or lard following the Arab technique of making each layer separately, appears in the Spanish recipe book Libro del arte de cozina by Domingo Hernández de Maceras, published in 1607. Hernández, the head cook of a college of the University of Salamanca, already distinguished between filled puff pastry recipes and puff pastry tarts, and even mentions leavened preparations. Francisco Martínez Motiño, head chef to Philip II of Spain, also gave several recipes of puff pastry in his Arte de cocina, pastelería, bizcochería y conservería published in 1611. In this book, puff pastry is abundantly used, particularly to make savoury game pies. The oldest known documented recipe for puff pastry in France was included in a charter by Robert, bishop of Amiens in 1311. The first recipe to explicitly use the technique of tourage was published in 1651 by François Pierre La Varenne in Le cuisinier français. Modern French puff pastry was then developed and improved by the chef M. Feuillet and Antonin Carême. The method is sometimes considered the idea of the famous painter Claude Gellée when he was an apprentice baker in 1612. Historical evidence for this is negligible, but it is retained as culinary lore. The story goes that Lorrain was making a type of very buttery bread for his sick father, and the process of rolling the butter into the bread dough created a croissant-like finished product. The production of puff pastry dough can be time-consuming, because it must be kept at a temperature of approximately 16 °C to keep the shortening from melting and the layers melding; it must rest in between folds to allow gluten strands time to link up and thus retain layering. Therefore, between each step the dough is rested and chilled. Before re-rolling, the dough is rotated ninety degrees, so that it is rolled at right angle relative to the previous "turn". After rolling, another thin layer of butter is applied, the folding and resting are repeated. The chef Julia Child's method has 72 layers for rough-puff pastry and 729 layers for pâte feuilletée fine. The number of layers in puff pastry is calculated with the formula: where displaystyleell is the number of finished layers, displaystyle f the number of folds in a single folding move, and displaystyle n is how many times the folding move is repeated. For example, twice-folding (i.e. in three), repeated four times gives displaystyle(2+1)⁴=81 layers. Commercially made puff pastry is available in grocery stores. Common types of fat used include butter, vegetable shortenings, lard and margarine. Butter is the most common type used because it provides a richer taste and superior mouthfeel. Shortenings and lard have a higher melting point therefore puff pastry made with either will rise more than pastry made with butter, if made correctly. Puff pastry made in this manner will, however, often have a waxy mouthfeel and more bland flavor. Specialized margarine formulated for high plasticity is used for industrial production of puff pastry. Since the process of making puff pastry is generally laborious and time-intensive, faster recipes are fairly common: known as "blitz", "rough puff", or "flaky pastry". Some of these recipes combine the butter into the détrempe rather than adding it in the folding process and are thus similar to a folded short crust. Many retain the layering process, but the number of steps is reduced. Alternatively, or in addition, the butter is scattered over the dough-layer surface in small pieces, or grated, rather than in a single mass or block. Time and effort to evenly distribute the fat in a single mass is thus avoided, and chilling time may be reduced as less handling of the butter generally keeps it at a lower temperature. This process makes rough-puff more similar to another laminated pastry, phyllo. The dough for phyllo is stretched and rolled to its final pre-baking size. Layering is done immediately before baking, with a small amount of oil or melted fat brushed on one layer of dough, which is then topped with another layer that is also brushed with the fat; the layering is repeated as often as desired. When the phyllo bakes it becomes crispy, but since it contains somewhat less water, it does not expand to the same degree as puff pastry. Puff pastry also differs from Austrian strudel dough, or strudelteig, which more closely resembles phyllo, in that strudelteig is stretched into a very thin sheet. Most of the fat is incorporated into strudelteig, rather than applied to sheets. For strudel, pastry layers are achieved by rolling the dough around the filling multiple times; some phyllo pastry dishes also use this method. Versions of puff pastry are leavened with baker's yeast to create croissants, Danish pastry or pain au chocolat; these may be considered as being in a category distinct from puff pastry. Such preparations are known collectively as Viennoiserie. Apple strudel List of butter dishes List of pastries Rustico (pastry) Domingo Hernández de Maceras. Libro del Arte de Cozina . Salamanca: Casa de Antonia Ramírez.. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2011. Also: via Internet Archive; via La Biblioteca Digital de Madrid Huete García, Santiago. "Domingo Hernández de Maceras". In Real Academia de la Historia. Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades.