Europe had been battered by both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War, exacting a heavy toll in money and lives. The Eighty Years' War was a prolonged struggle … See more

The peace negotiations had no exact beginning or end, because the 109 delegations never met in a plenary session. Instead, various delegations arrived between … See more

Two separate treaties constituted the peace settlement:
• The Treaty of Münster (Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriensis, IPM), between the Holy Roman … See more

Internal political boundaries
The power asserted by Ferdinand III was stripped from him and returned to the rulers of the See more

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Peace negotiations between France and the Habsburg Emperor began in Cologne in 1636. These negotiations were initially blocked by Cardinal Richelieu of France, who insisted on the inclusion of all his allies, whether fully sovereign countries or states within the See more

The treaties did not entirely end conflicts arising out of the Thirty Years' War. Fighting continued between France and Spain until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. The See more