umask is a fundamental command in Linux that sets the default permissions for newly created files and directories. It's a mask that determines which permission bits will not be set when a file or directory is created.

How umask Works

When a file or directory is created, Linux assigns default permissions to it. For files, the default permissions are typically 666 (read and write for everyone), and for directories, it's 777 (read, write, and execute for everyone). However, these default permissions are modified by the umask value, which acts as a subtractive mask.

Here's a simple way to understand how umask modifies permissions: