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  2. A surrogate pair is two 16-bit code units used in UTF-16 (16-bit - two-byte) that represents a character above the maximum value stored in 16bit. (ie 0xFFFF hexa or 65535 decimal)

    Unicode - Surrogate pair (UTF-16) - Dat…

    datacadamia.com/data/type/text/surrogate
    A supplementary character is a character located beyond the BMP, and a "surrogate" is a UTF-16 code value. For UTF-16, a "surrogate pair" is required to represent a single supplementary character. The first (high) surrogate is a 16-bit code value in the range U+D800 to U+DBFF.

    Surrogates and Supplementary Charact…

    learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/intl/surro…
    UTF-16 introduced the concept of surrogate pairs. Any character that was too large to be represented using 16 bits was represented using a surrogate pair. A surrogate pair is made of two 16-bit code units. The 1st 16-bit unit is called the high surrogate, the 2nd 16-bit unit is called the low surrogate.

    Character Encoding Explored - Part 2: U…

    blog.davidvarghese.dev/posts/character-encoding-…
    In UTF-16, a surrogate pair is required. The high surrogate is U+D80C while the low surrogate is U+DD61. Unicode code points in the range U+D800..U+DFFF are reserved for use by UTF-16.

    The Unicode standard - Globalization | …

    learn.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/encoding/u…
    In UTF-16, characters in ranges U+0000—U+D7FF and U+E000—U+FFFD are stored as a single 16 bits unit. Non-BMP characters (range U+10000—U+10FFFF) are stored as “surrogate pairs”, two 16 bits units: a high surrogate (in range U+D800—U+DBFF) followed by a low surrogate (in range U+DC00—U+DFFF).

    7. Unicode encodings — Programming …

    unicodebook.readthedocs.io/unicode_encodings.html
     
  3. People also ask
    What is a surrogate pair in UTF-16?
    For UTF-16, a "surrogate pair" is required to represent a single supplementary character. The first (high) surrogate is a 16-bit code value in the range U+D800 to U+DBFF. The second (low) surrogate is a 16-bit code value in the range U+DC00 to U+DFFF. Using the surrogate mechanism, UTF-16 can support all 1,114,112 potential Unicode characters.

    Surrogates and Supplementary Characters - Win32 apps

    learn.microsoft.com
    Is a lone surrogate character invalid in UTF-16?
    A lone surrogate character is invalid in UTF-16, surrogate characters are always written as pairs (high followed by low). Examples of surrogate pairs: U+10FFFF is the highest code point encodable to UTF-16 and the highest code point of the Unicode Character Set 6.0.

    7. Unicode encodings — Programming with Unicode - Read the Docs

    unicodebook.readthedocs.io
    How harmful is UTF-16 compared to UTF-8?
    The only way in which UTF-16 can be considered to be harmful as opposed to, say, UTF-8 is that it has a different way of encoding code points outside the BMP (as a pair of surrogates). If code is wishing to access or iterate by code point, that means it needs to be aware of the difference.

    unicode - Should UTF-16 be considered harmful? - Software Engineering

    softwareengineering.stackexchange.com
    How does UTF-16 work?
    In UTF-16, the code point ranges for high and low surrogates, as well as for single units are all completely disjoint. None of these problems occur: There are no false matches. The location of the character boundary can be directly determined from each code unit value. A dropped surrogate will corrupt only a single character. Frequency:

    FAQ - UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM - Unicode

    unicode.org
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  4. See more
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    Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16

    UTF-16 - Wikipedia

    UTF-16 (16-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points of Unicode (in fact this number of code points is dictated by the design of UTF-16). The encoding is variable-length, as code points are encoded with one or two 16-bit code units. UTF-16 arose … See more

    History

    In the late 1980s, work began on developing a uniform encoding for a "Universal Character Set" (UCS) that would replace earlier language-specific encodings with one … See more

    Description

    Each Unicode code point is encoded either as one or two 16-bit code units. Code points less than 2 ("in the BMP") are encoded with a single 16-bit code unit equal to the numerical value of the code point, as in the older UCS-2. Code points greater than or … See more

    Size

    A "character" may use any number of Unicode code points. For instance an emoji flag character takes 8 bytes, since it is "constructed from a pair of Unicode scalar values" (and … See more

    See also

    • Comparison of Unicode encodings
    • Plane (Unicode)
    • UTF-8
    • CESU-8
    • UTF-32 See more

    Overview image
    Byte-order encoding schemes

    UTF-16 and UCS-2 produce a sequence of 16-bit code units. Since most communication and storage protocols are defined for bytes, … See more

    Usage

    UTF-16 is used for text in the OS API of all currently supported versions of Microsoft Windows (and including at least all since Windows CE/2000/XP/2003/Vista/7 ) including Windows 10. In Windows XP, no code point above U+FFFF is included in any font delivered … See more

    External links

    • A very short algorithm for determining the surrogate pair for any code point
    • Unicode Technical Note #12: UTF-16 for Processing
    • Unicode FAQ: What is the difference between UCS-2 and UTF-16? See more

    From Wikipedia
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  5. Stack Overflow
    https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22413…

    What are Unicode, UTF-8, and UTF-16? - Stack Overflow

    WEBFeb 18, 2022 · UTF-16: For valid BMP characters, the UTF-16 representation is simply its code point. However, for non-BMP …

    • Reviews: 10
      How does UTF-16 encoding use surrogate code points?Mar 12, 2021
      UTF-16 Encoding - Why using complex surrogate pairs?Jan 20, 2020
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    • Microsoft Learn
      https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/...

      The Unicode standard - Globalization | Microsoft Learn

    • Microsoft Learn
      https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/...

      Surrogates and Supplementary Characters - Win32 apps

    • Wikipedia
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Ch…

      Universal Character Set characters - Wikipedia

      WEBAs of Unicode 16.0, released in September 2024, 299,056 (27%) of these code points are allocated, 155,063 (14%) have been assigned characters, 137,468 (12%) are reserved for private use, 2,048 are used to enable …

    • unicode.org
      https://www.unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html

      FAQ - UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM - Unicode

    • davidvarghese.dev
      https://blog.davidvarghese.dev/posts/character-encoding-part-2

      Character Encoding Explored - Part 2: UTF-16, UTF-8, BOM, Self ...

    • Datacadamia
      https://datacadamia.com/data/type/text/su…

      Unicode - Surrogate pair (UTF-16) - Datacadamia

      WEBA surrogate pair is two 16-bit code units used in UTF-16 (16-bit - two-byte) that represents a character above the maximum value stored in 16bit. (ie 0xFFFF hexa or 65535 decimal) Why ? Because ...

    • CodeDocs
      https://codedocs.org/what-is/utf-16

      UTF-16 - CodeDocs

      WEBThere are no plans as of 2021 to extend UTF-16 to support a larger number of code points or the code points replaced by surrogates, as this would violate the Unicode Stability Policy with respect to general category or …

    • Greg Tatum
      https://gregtatum.com/writing/2021/encoding-text-utf-32-utf-16-unicode

      Encoding Text, UTF-32 and UTF-16 – How Unicode Works (Part 1)

    • Software Engineering Stack Exchange
      https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/102205

      unicode - Should UTF-16 be considered harmful? - Software …

      asp.net mvc - UTF-16 Pitfalls, Chinese
      Why does Java use UTF-16 for internal string ...
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    • Stack Overflow
      https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38463038

      Why does JSON encode UTF-16 surrogate pairs instead of …

    • Herong's Tutorial Examples
      http://herongyang.com/Unicode/UTF-16-UTF-16-Encoding.html

      UTF-16 Encoding - Herong's Tutorial Examples

    • O'Reilly Media
      https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/unicode...

      UTF-16 and the Surrogate Mechanism - Unicode Demystified [Book]

    • readthedocs.io
      https://unicodebook.readthedocs.io/unicode_encodings.html

      7. Unicode encodings — Programming with Unicode - Read the …

    • Stack Overflow
      https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5903008

      unicode - What is a "surrogate pair" in Java? - Stack Overflow

    • unicode.org
      https://unicode.org/glossary

      Glossary - Unicode

    • Stack Overflow
      https://stackoverflow.com/questions/625018

      Why UTF-32 instead of UTF-16 if we have surrogate pairs?

    • Online Tools
      https://onlinetools.com/unicode/convert-unicode-to-utf16

      Convert Unicode to UTF-16 – Online Unicode Tools - Online Tools

    • Stack Overflow
      https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6885879

      javascript and string manipulation w/ utf-16 surrogate pairs

    • Stack Overflow
      https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42799072

      How to convert between a Unicode/UCS codepoint and a UTF16 …