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  1. UTF-8 - Wikipedia

    • UTF-8 is a variable-length character encoding standard used for electronic communication. Defined by the Unicode Standard, the name is derived from Unicode Transformation Format – 8-bit. UTF-8 is capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid Unicode code points using one to four one-byte (8-bit) code units. Code points with lower numerical values, which t… See more

    Naming

    The official name for the encoding is UTF-8, the spelling used in all Unicode Consortium documents. Most standards officially list it in upper case as well, but all that do are also case-insensitive and utf-8 is often used in code. … See more

    Encoding

    UTF-8 encodes code points in one to four bytes, depending on the value of the code point. In the following table, the x characters are replaced by the bits of the code point:
    The first 12… See more

    Adoption

    UTF-8 has been the most common encoding for the World Wide Web since 2008. As of May 2024 , UTF-8 is used by 98.2% of surveyed web sites. Although many pages only use ASCII characters to display con… See more

    History

    The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) set out to compose a universal multi-byte character set in 1989. The draft ISO 10646 standard contained a non-required annex called UTF-1 that provided a … See more

    Standards

    There are several current definitions of UTF-8 in various standards documents:
    • RFC 3629 / STD 63 (2003), which establishes UTF-8 as a standard internet protocol element
    • RFC 5198 defines UTF-8 NFC for … See more

    Comparison with other encodings

    Some of the important features of this encoding are as follows:
    • Backward compatibility: Backward compatibility with ASCII and the enormous amount of software designed to process ASCII-enco… See more

    Derivatives

    The following implementations show slight differences from the UTF-8 specification. They are incompatible with the UTF-8 specification and may be rejected by conforming UTF-8 applications.
    Unicode Te… See more

     
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  2. 123

    UTF-8 stands for Unicode Transformation Format - 8-bit and is a variable-width character encoding used for electronic communication. It's designed to be backward compatible with ASCII and to include characters from a wide range of languages and symbols, including emojis1.

    How UTF-8 Works

    UTF-8 encodes characters into a sequence of bytes, ranging from one to four bytes per character. The encoding process allows UTF-8 to handle over a million different characters, making it suitable for virtually any language, including those with non-Latin scripts2.

    Code Example

    Here's a simple example of how UTF-8 encoding might look in Python for the character '€':

    # The Unicode code point for '€' is U+20AC
    euro_sign = '\u20AC'

    # Encoding '€' into UTF-8
    utf8_encoded = euro_sign.encode('utf-8')

    # This will print the bytes that represent '€' in UTF-8
    print(utf8_encoded) # Output: b'\xe2\x82\xac'
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    Why UTF-8 is Widely Used

    • Compatibility with ASCII: The first 128 characters of Unicode, which correspond to ASCII, are encoded in UTF-8 without any changes. This means that any ASCII text is also valid UTF-8.

    • Efficiency: UTF-8 is efficient for languages where characters are mostly within the ASCII range, as it uses only one byte for these characters. For languages with characters outside of this range, UTF-8 uses two to four bytes.

    • Flexibility: UTF-8 can represent every character in the Unicode standard, making it flexible for global communication.

    • Self-synchronization: The design of UTF-8 allows for the detection of the start of characters, making it robust against partial transmission and synchronization issues1.

    UTF-8 in Web Development

    UTF-8 is the default character encoding for HTML5 and is used by over 95% of websites. It's essential for web developers to ensure that their web pages and databases use UTF-8 to avoid issues with character representation2.

    Declaring UTF-8 in HTML

    To inform the browser that an HTML file uses UTF-8 encoding, you include the following meta tag in the head section of your HTML document:

    <meta charset="UTF-8">
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    UTF-8 vs. UTF-16

    While UTF-8 uses one to four bytes per character, UTF-16 uses two or four bytes. This means UTF-16 can be more efficient for languages with characters that frequently fall outside the ASCII range. However, for languages primarily using ASCII characters, UTF-8 is generally more space-efficient3.

    Conclusion

    UTF-8 is a versatile encoding standard that supports a wide range of characters and is the preferred encoding for web content. Its compatibility with ASCII and ability to handle a vast array of symbols make it a cornerstone of global communication on the internet.

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