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  2. Reasons for excluding grey literature from research and systematic reviews include1234:
    • Absence of peer review for unpublished literature.
    • Refereeing process not always successful in ensuring validity of published results.
    • Excluding unpublished studies may compromise validity and reliability of meta-analyses.
    • Published trials often show greater treatment effect than grey literature trials.
    • Inclusion of grey literature may impact results in situations with few relevant studies or questionable vested interests.
    Learn more:
    Reasons for reluctance to include grey literature included the absence of peer-review of unpublished literature. It should be kept in mind, however, that the refereeing process has not always been a successful way of ensuring that published results are valid (Godlee 1999).
    handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_10/10_3_2_in…
    Removing gray literature from some meta-analyses results in 15% larger estimates of treat- ment effects, less precise effect-size estimates and more significant results.12,13,18 As a result, excluding unpublished studies may compro- mise the validity and reliability of meta-analyses and the specificity of systematic reviews.18,19,25
    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jebm.12266
    In a recently updated Cochrane methodology review, all five studies reviewed showed that published trials showed an overall greater treatment effect than grey literature trials (Hopewell 2007b). Thus, failure to identify trials reported in conference proceedings and other grey literature might affect the results of a systematic review.
    handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_6/6_2_1_8_gr…
    Inclusion of these study types may have an impact in situations where there are few relevant studies, or where there are questionable vested interests in the published literature. We found substantial variation in whether SRs searched for dissertations; in most reviews that included dissertations, these had little impact on results.
    bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/1…
     
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