In 1792, Henry Walton Smith and his wife Anna established W.H. Smith as a news vending business in London that would become a national … See more

A chain store is characterised by the ownership or franchise relationship between the local business or outlet and a controlling business. See more

A restaurant chain is a set of related restaurants in many different locations that are either under shared corporate ownership or franchising agreements. Typically, the restaurants within a chain are built to a standard format through architectural … See more

The displacement of independent businesses by chains has sparked increased collaboration among independent businesses and communities to prevent chain proliferation. These efforts include community-based organizing through See more

A variety of towns and cities in the United States whose residents wish to retain their distinctive character—such as San Francisco; Provincetown, Massachusetts and other See more

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• Carroll, Glenn R., and Magnus Thor Torfason. "Restaurant Organizational Forms and Community in the US in 2005." City & Community 10#1 (2011): 1–24.
• Ingram, Paul, and See more