- preposition
- identifying the agent performing an action.
- after a passive verb:"the door was opened by my cousin Annie" · "damage caused by fire"
- after a noun denoting an action:"a clear decision by the electorate" · "further attacks by the mob"
- identifying the author of a text, idea, or work of art:"a book by Ernest Hemingway"
- indicating the means of achieving something:"malaria can be controlled by attacking the parasite" · "they plan to provide further working capital by means of borrowing"
- indicating a term to which an interpretation is to be assigned:"what is meant by “fair?”"
- indicating a name according to which a person is known:"she mostly calls me by my last name"
- indicating the means of transport selected for a journey:"traveling by train to Boston"
- indicating the other parent of someone's child or children:"Richard is his son by his third wife"
- indicating the sire of a pedigree animal, especially a horse:"a black filly by Goldfuerst"
- (followed by a noun without an adjective) in various phrases indicating how something happens:"I heard by chance that she has married again" · "Anderson, by contrast, rejects this view" · "she ate by candlelight"
- indicating the amount or size of a margin:"the shot missed her by miles" · "the raising of taxes by 2.5%"
- indicating a unit of measurement:"billing is by the minute"
- in phrases indicating something happening repeatedly or progressively, typically with repetition of a unit of time:"colors changing minute by minute" · "the risk becomes worse by the day"
- identifying a parameter:"a breakdown of employment figures by age and occupation"
- expressing multiplication, especially in dimensions:"a map measuring 24 by 36 inches" · "she multiplied it by 89"
- indicating a deadline or the end of a particular time period:"I've got to do this report by Monday" · "by now Kelly needed extensive physiotherapy"
- indicating location of a physical object beside a place or object:"remains were discovered by the roadside" · "the lamp was by the door"
- past and beyond:"I drove by our house"
- indicating the period in which something happens:"this animal always hunts by night"
- concerning; according to:"anything you do is all right by me" · "she had done her duty by him"
- used in mild oaths:"it was the least he could do, by God"
adverbby (adverb)- so as to go past:"a car flashed by on the other side of the road" · "he let only a moment go by"
OriginOld English bī, bi, be, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch bij and German bei.Similar and Opposite Wordspreposition- identifying the agent performing an action.
- indicating a deadline or the end of a particular time period:
- indicating location of a physical object beside a place or object:
- past and beyond:
- concerning; according to:
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