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  2. Thermodynamic potential

    In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature (isothermal).
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy
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    What is Helmholtz free energy?The Helmholtz free energy is defined as S is the entropy of the system (SI: joules per kelvin, CGS: ergs per kelvin). The Helmholtz energy is the Legendre transformation of the internal energy U, in which temperature replaces entropy as the independent variable.
    How does Helmholtz free energy change at a constant temperature?At a constant temperature, the change in Helmholtz free energy is given by From the first law of thermodynamics, when work W is done on a system, it releases heat Q. The change in internal energy is given by From the second law of thermodynamics, for a closed system undergoing a reversible process Then, ΔF becomes
    What is the difference between Helmholtz free energy and Gibbs free energy?It is the energy required to create a system at constant temperature and volume. It is the energy required to create a system at constant pressure and temperature. Helmholtz free energy finds less application as the volume of the system should be constant. Gibbs free energy finds more application as the pressure of the system is constant.
    What is Helmholtz energy?The Helmholtz energy is the Legendre transformation of the internal energy U, in which temperature replaces entropy as the independent variable. The first law of thermodynamics in a closed system provides where is the internal energy, is the energy added as heat, and is the work done on the system.
     
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    Helmholtz free energy - Wikipedia

    In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature (isothermal). The change in the Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the … See more

    The Helmholtz free energy is defined as
    • F is the Helmholtz free energy (sometimes also called A, particularly in the field of chemistry) (SI: joules, CGS: ergs),
    • U is the internal energy of the system (SI: joules, CGS: ergs), See more

    A system kept at constant volume, temperature, and particle number is described by the canonical ensemble. The probability of … See more

    The Helmholtz free energy function for a pure substance (together with its partial derivatives) can be used to determine all other … See more

    Gibbs free energy and thermodynamic free energy for thermodynamics history overview and discussion of free energy
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    The laws of thermodynamics are only directly applicable to systems in thermal equilibrium. If we wish to describe phenomena like … See more

    Computing the free energy is an intractable problem for all but the simplest models in statistical physics. A powerful approximation … See more

    Hinton and Zemel "derive an objective function for training auto-encoder based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle". "The … See more

     
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